1.沖(chong)壓(ya)(ya)模用(yong)于板料沖(chong)壓(ya)(ya)成(cheng)形(xing)和分離的模具(ju)。成(cheng)形(xing)用(yong)的模具(ju)有型腔,分離用(yong)的模具(ju)有刃口。較常用(yong)的沖(chong)壓(ya)(ya)模只有一(yi)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)(wei),完(wan)成(cheng)一(yi)道(dao)生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序。這種(zhong)模具(ju)應用(yong)普(pu)遍,結(jie)構(gou)簡(jian)單,制(zhi)造容易(yi),但生產(chan)效率低。為提高生產(chan)率,可將多道(dao)沖(chong)壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序,如落(luo)料、拉(la)深(shen)、沖(chong)孔(kong)、切邊等(deng)安(an)排(pai)(pai)在(zai)一(yi)個模具(ju)上,使(shi)坯料在(zai)一(yi)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)(wei)上完(wan)成(cheng)多道(dao)沖(chong)壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序,這種(zhong)模具(ju)稱為復合模。另有將落(luo)料、彎曲、拉(la)深(shen)、沖(chong)孔(kong)和切邊等(deng)多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序安(an)排(pai)(pai)在(zai)一(yi)個模具(ju)的不同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)(wei)上。
成形(xing)的模(mo)具。模(mo)鍛(duan)(duan)時,坯料往往經(jing)過多次變形(xing)才能制(zhi)成鍛(duan)(duan)件,這就需要在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)模(mo)塊上刻(ke)有幾(ji)個(ge)型(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)。金屬依(yi)次送至各個(ge)型(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang),并(bing)在(zai)型(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)內塑性(xing)流(liu)動,較后充滿型(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)制(zhi)成鍛(duan)(duan)件。在(zai)模(mo)鍛(duan)(duan)成形(xing)中,坯料很(hen)難與終鍛(duan)(duan)時型(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)體(ti)積相等,為(wei)了避免(mian)廢品,坯料選(xuan)用(yong)稍(shao)大一(yi)(yi)些。為(wei)此,在(zai)終鍛(duan)(duan)模(mo)的上、下模(mo)分界面的型(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)四(si)周設有飛邊槽,以存貯多余的金屬,成形(xing)后將飛邊切去。型(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)中應盡量減少(shao)尖角、深(shen)槽,以利于金屬塑性(xing)流(liu)動和(he)充填,減少(shao)模(mo)具磨(mo)損和(he)開裂,提高模(mo)具壽命。
3.擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模(mo)(mo)用于(yu)將(jiang)金(jin)屬擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)成形的(de)模(mo)(mo)具。正擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模(mo)(mo)有(you)一個(ge)靜(jing)止的(de)凹(ao)模(mo)(mo)和(he)放置坯料(liao)的(de)擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)筒和(he)對(dui)坯料(liao)施加(jia)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力的(de)沖(chong)頭。擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)空心件時,沖(chong)頭前端帶有(you)芯棒。反(fan)擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)模(mo)(mo)的(de)擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)筒為(wei)凹(ao)模(mo)(mo),沖(chong)頭成為(wei)凸模(mo)(mo)。金(jin)屬需(xu)(xu)要在很大的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強下才能從(cong)凹(ao)模(mo)(mo)擠(ji)(ji)出(chu)成形,在冷態下所(suo)需(xu)(xu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強可高(gao)達(da)2000千(qian)牛/毫米(200千(qian)克/毫米)以上。為(wei)此,擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)筒和(he)反(fan)擠(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)凹(ao)模(mo)(mo)需(xu)(xu)要有(you)很高(gao)的(de)強度(du),常采用多層預應(ying)力組合結構。沖(chong)頭和(he)凸模(mo)(mo)的(de)工作長度(du)宜短(duan),避免在高(gao)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)應(ying)力下發生不穩和(he)彎曲(qu)。
4.壓鑄模安
裝(zhuang)在壓(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)機上,液(ye)態金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在高壓(ya)下注(zhu)(zhu)入型(xing)腔、保壓(ya)至金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)凝固和成(cheng)形的模具。它主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)鋁、鋅(xin)、銅件(jian)(jian),也可用(yong)于(yu)鋼(gang)件(jian)(jian)。壓(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)模的結構與塑料注(zhu)(zhu)射模類(lei)似。它由動模與定(ding)模構成(cheng)型(xing)腔,用(yong)型(xing)芯形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)的孔腔。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在型(xing)腔內冷卻(que)、凝固后抽出型(xing)芯,分開模具,由頂桿(gan)推出鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)。壓(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)一般壁(bi)薄中空,有眾(zhong)多臺、筋,形狀結構復雜(za),尺(chi)寸要(yao)求較精確,表面(mian)較光潔,金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在熔融(rong)的高溫下成(cheng)形。因此壓(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)模需要(yao)采用(yong)耐高溫的材料制造。
5.粉末冶金模將固體金屬粉末壓制成形的模具。將金屬粉末定量地倒入下模,然后上模壓下、閉合、成形,再用頂料裝置頂出預制坯。將預制坯送入燒結爐內燒結,遂制成粉末冶金零件。一般粉末冶金件的空隙很大,占總體積的15%左右,成形壓力不大,模具結構較簡單,精度、表面粗糙度要求一般,所以對模具無特殊要求。為了減少空隙、提高密度和強度,對燒結后的坯件,再進行一次熱鍛,通稱粉末鍛造。所用的模具與模鍛模相似。
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