選擇數控加工工具的(de)一般原則是:安裝調(diao)整方便,剛(gang)性好,經久耐用,精度高(gao)。在滿足(zu)加工要求的(de)前提下,盡量(liang)選擇較短的(de)刀(dao)柄來提高(gao)數控加工刀(dao)具的(de)剛(gang)性。
選取(qu)數控(kong)加工(gong)(gong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)時(shi),要使數控(kong)加工(gong)(gong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)的(de)尺寸與被加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件的(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)尺寸相適應(ying)。生產中,平面(mian)(mian)零(ling)件周邊(bian)輪廓的(de)加工(gong)(gong),常(chang)采(cai)用立銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);銑削平面(mian)(mian)時(shi),應(ying)選硬質合金刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),加工(gong)(gong)凸(tu)臺、凹槽時(shi),選高(gao)速(su)鋼立銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);加工(gong)(gong)毛坯表(biao)面(mian)(mian)或(huo)粗加工(gong)(gong)孔時(shi),可(ke)選取(qu)鑲硬質合金刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片的(de)玉米銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);對一些立體(ti)型面(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)變斜角輪廓外(wai)形的(de)加工(gong)(gong),常(chang)采(cai)用球頭銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、環形銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、錐(zhui)形銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)盤形銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。
在(zai)(zai)進行自由(you)(you)曲面加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)于(yu)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端部切(qie)削速(su)度為零(ling),因(yin)此(ci)(ci),為保證(zheng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)精度,切(qie)削行距一般(ban)采用(yong)頂端密距,球頭常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)曲面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。而(er)平(ping)(ping)頭刀具(ju)在(zai)(zai)表(biao)面加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)和(he)切(qie)削效(xiao)率方面都(dou)優(you)于(yu)球頭刀,因(yin)此(ci)(ci),只要在(zai)(zai)保證(zheng)不過切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)下(xia),無論是(shi)曲面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)還(huan)是(shi)精加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),都(dou)應優(you)先選擇(ze)平(ping)(ping)頭刀。另外,數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐用(yong)度和(he)精度與數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)價格關系極大(da),必須引起注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),在(zai)(zai)大(da)多數(shu)(shu)情況下(xia),選擇(ze)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)雖(sui)然增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)了(le)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)成本,但由(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)和(he)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao),則可以(yi)使整個加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)成本大(da)大(da)減少。在(zai)(zai)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機床上(shang),各種數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)分別裝在(zai)(zai)刀庫上(shang),按程(cheng)序(xu)規(gui)定(ding)隨時(shi)(shi)進行選刀和(he)換(huan)刀動作。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)必須采用(yong)標(biao)準刀柄(bing),以(yi)便使鉆(zhan)、鏜、擴、銑(xian)削等(deng)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)迅速(su)、準確地裝到(dao)機床主軸或刀庫上(shang)去(qu)。編(bian)程(cheng)人(ren)員應了(le)解機床上(shang)所用(yong)刀柄(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構尺寸(cun)、調(diao)整方法以(yi)及調(diao)整范(fan)圍(wei),以(yi)便在(zai)(zai)編(bian)程(cheng)時(shi)(shi)確定(ding)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)徑(jing)向和(he)軸向尺寸(cun)。
在經濟(ji)型數控機(ji)床的(de)加(jia)工過程中,由于數控加(jia)工刀具的(de)刃磨、測量和(he)更(geng)換工人制作時,占用輔助時間較長,因此,必須合理安排數控加(jia)工刀具的(de)排列順序。一般應(ying)遵循以下原(yuan)則(ze):
1.盡量減少數(shu)控加工刀(dao)具數(shu)量;
2.把(ba)數控加工刀(dao)具裝夾后,應(ying)完成其所能進行的所有加工步驟;
3.粗精(jing)加工的(de)數控(kong)加工刀(dao)具(ju)應分開使用,即使是(shi)相同(tong)尺(chi)寸規格的(de)數控(kong)加工刀(dao)具(ju);
4.先銑后鉆;
5.先(xian)進行(xing)曲(qu)面(mian)精(jing)加工(gong),后進行(xing)二(er)維(wei)輪(lun)廓精(jing)加工(gong);
6.在可(ke)能的(de)情況下(xia),應盡可(ke)能利用數控機床的(de)自動(dong)換(huan)刀功能,以提高生產效率等。
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